Objective
This study evaluated the effect of probiotic intervention using lactobacilli on oral
malodor.
Study Design
We conducted a 14-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial
of tablets containing Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (2.0 × 109 colony-forming units per day) or placebo taken orally by patients with oral malodor.
Results
Organoleptic test scores significantly decreased in both the probiotic and placebo
periods compared with the respective baseline scores (P < .001 and P = .002), and no difference was detected between periods. In contrast, the concentration
of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) (P = .019) and the average probing pocket depth (P = .001) decreased significantly in the probiotic period compared with the placebo
period. Bacterial quantitative analysis found significantly lower levels of ubiquitous
bacteria (P = .003) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (P = .020) in the probiotic period.
Conclusions
These results indicated that daily oral consumption of tablets containing probiotic
lactobacilli could help to control oral malodor and malodor-related factors.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral RadiologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis.J Periodontol. 1977; 48: 13-20
- Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulfide monitor.J Dent Res. 1999; 70: 1436-1440
- Oral malodor associated with internal resorption.J Oral Sci. 2006; 48: 89-92
- What to do about halitosis.BMJ. 1994; 308: 217-218
- Oral malodor.Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1990; 1: 247-259
- Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives.J Can Dent Assoc. 2000; 66: 257-261
- Relationship between oral malodor and oral microbiota.in: Virdi M.S. Oral Health Care. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia2012: 121-130
- Probiotics: contributions to oral health.Oral Dis. 2007; 13: 443-451
- Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors.Arch Oral Biol. 2002; 47: 799-804
- Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tablets.Acta Odontol Scand. 2006; 64: 314-318
- Suppression of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the saliva of humans by the administration of Lactobacillus salivarius TI2711.Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology. 2003; 45: 105-112
- Effect of oral Lactobacillus salivarius TI 2711 (LS1) administration on periodontopathic bacteria in subgingival plaque.Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology. 2006; 48: 315-324
- Lactic acid-mediated suppression of Helicobacter pylori by the oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius as a probiotic in a gnotobiotic murine model.Am J Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 2097-2101
- Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.J Clin Periodontol. 2008; 35: 897-905
- Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.J Clin Periodontol. 2009; 36: 506-513
- Effects of oil drops containing Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on periodontal health and oral microbiota producing volatile sulfur compounds.J Breath Res. 2013; 6: 017106https://doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/6/1/017106
- Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot study.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 110: 201-208
- Relationship between oral malodor and the menstrual cycle.J Periodontal Res. 2010; 45: 681-687
- Periodontal disease in pregnancy, II: correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition.Acta Odontol Scand. 1964; 22: 121-135
- The relationship between alcohol consumption and oral malodor.Int Dent J. 2009; 59: 31-34
- Discrimination of the oral microbiota associated with high hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan production.Sci Rep. 2012; 2: 215https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00215
- Quantitative analysis if diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries.J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42: 3128-3136
- Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinical healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease.J Periodontal Res. 1992; 27: 233-238
- An inventory of patients' response to treatment at a multidisciplinary breath odor clinic.Quintessence Int. 1999; 30: 307-310
- Molecular analysis of yogurt containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles in human intestinal microbiota.Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87: 91-96
- Short-term effect of ice-cream containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 on the number of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.Acta Odontol Scand. 2008; 66: 154-158
- Evaluation of the intestinal colonization by microencapsulated probiotic bacteria in comparison with the same uncoated strains.J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010; 44: S42-S46
- Daily consumption of a symbiotic yogurt decreases energy intake but does not improve gastrointestinal transit time: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in healthy adults.Nutr J. 2013; 12: 87
- Volatile fatty acids, metabolic by-products of periodontopathic bacteria, inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production.J Dent Res. 1995; 74: 1367-1373
- Production of indole from L-tryptophan and effects of these compounds on biofilm formation by Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76: 4260-4268
- Communication among oral bacteria.Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002; 66: 486-505
- Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum and coaggregation in anaerobe survival in planktonic and biofilm oral microbial communities during aeration.Infect Immun. 1998; 66: 4729-4732
- Porphyromonas gingivalis entry into gingival epithelial cells modulated by Fusobacterium nucleatum is dependent on lipid rafts.Microb Pathog. 2012; 53: 234-242
- Synergy between Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum in biofilm formation.Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005; 20: 39-42
- Antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics against selected bacteria of Enterobaceriacae family in the presence of polyols and their galactosyl derivatives.Biotechnol Lett. 2004; 26: 317-320
- Functional modulation of human intestinal epithelial cell responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius.Immunol. 2006; 118: 202-215
- Strain-dependent release of cytokines modulated by Lactobacillus salivarius human isolates in an in vitro model.BMC Res Notes. 2010; 3: 44https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-44
- Isolation of Lactobacillus salivarius 1077 (NRRL B-50053) and characterization of its bacteriocin, including the antimicrobial activity spectrum.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011; 77: 2749-2754
- Influence of adhesion and bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus salivarius on the intestinal epithelial cell transcriptional response.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012; 78: 5196-5203
- Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius bacteriocin ABP118 on the mouse and pig intestinal microbiota.PloS One. 2012; 7 (doi:10.137/journal.pone.0031113): e31113
- Biofilms and the tongue: therapeutical approaches for the control of halitosis.Clin Oral Investig. 2003; 7: 189-197
Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 23, 2013
Accepted:
December 13,
2013
Received in revised form:
December 4,
2013
Received:
October 29,
2013
Footnotes
This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (no. 23792532), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Nos. 23593078, 25463278, 25463279) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan, and the MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities, 2012-2016.
Clinical trial registration number: ISRCTN74332440.
Identification
Copyright
© 2014 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
