If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password
If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password
Special Care Unit, OMEQUI Research Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
Department of Oral Medicine/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Oral Medicine Division, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Department Oral Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
To explore the lived experience of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and investigate what treatment-related outcomes are the most important to them and should be included in a core outcome set (COS) for OLP.
Study Design
A qualitative study involving focus group work with 10 participants was conducted. Interviews with each focus group were held twice: Session 1 explored the lived experience of patients with OLP and Session 2 allowed patients to review a summary of the outcome domains used in the OLP literature to date. The discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using framework analysis.
Results
In Session 1, 4 themes and 8 sub-themes emerged from the data analysis. An additional outcome ‘knowledge of family and friends’ was suggested in Session 2.
Conclusion
We have gained valuable insight into the lived experience of patients with OLP via this qualitative study. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the patient perspective on what should be measured in clinical trials on OLP, highlighting an important additional suggested outcome. This additional outcome will be voted upon in a consensus process to determine a minimum COS for OLP.
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition that affects nearly 1% of the global population.1 Although exact etiology remains unknown, the condition likely represents a common reaction pattern in response to extrinsic antigens, altered self-antigens, or superantigens.2 The most aggressive forms of OLP may cause pain, burning sensation, and discomfort, which may negatively impact the patient's quality of life.3 Currently, there is no cure available, and the primary goal of any therapy is to alleviate patients’ symptoms.
To establish evidence-based protocols for the management of OLP, meta-analyses of sufficiently homogenous clinical trials regarding participants, interventions, and outcomes are required. However, there is wide variety and lack of standardization in clinician- and patient-reported outcomes among studies of treatment of OLP.4,5 The development of a core outcome set (COS), a standardized set of outcomes that should be measured and reported, as a minimum, in all clinical trials of a specific condition,6 would contribute to solving this issue. The World Workshop on Oral Medicine (WWOM) Outcomes Initiative for the Direction of Research (WONDER Project) was created to develop a COS for OLP using an established methodology by the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative.6
Development of a COS is a multi-stage process that requires the participation of different stakeholders, including clinicians, researchers, and patients.6 The first stage in developing a COS is the identification of the outcomes used in previous interventional studies. This was achieved through a systematic review of interventional studies on OLP and oral lichenoid reactions published between 2001 and 2022 (cross-reference paper 1). The second stage in determining a COS for OLP requires using OLP patient focus groups that allow for synergistic discussions between individuals with different disease experiences to ultimately agree on the essential outcome measures to be included in future studies.7 This incorporation of the patient perspective in COS development is of vital importance.6 Patients with OLP often live with long-term symptoms, and as such their input on what should be measured and recorded cannot be overlooked. For instance, in the development of COS for rheumatoid arthritis, Kirwan et al. highlighted the importance of including the previously overlooked outcome, fatigue, which was proposed via patient input.8 Presently, there is no standardized methodology identified for generating the patient perspective in the process of developing a COS, but it is hoped that further guidance will come in the future.9
Thus, as the second stage of the WONDER project to develop a COS for OLP, this study aimed to explore the lived experience of patients with OLP. Treatments that were utilized and outcomes of care were emphasized in the focus group discussions. Whilst the treatment-related outcomes of greatest importance to these patients were also discussed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A qualitative study incorporating focus groups with OLP patients was conducted. The reporting of the study follows guidance from the Standard for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR).10 Interviews with each focus group were held twice: Session 1 explored the lived experience of patients with OLP and Session 2 allowed patients to review a summary of the outcome domains that had been used in the OLP literature to date. A discussion ensued regarding the importance, from the patient perspective, of the various outcome domains found in the literature and which outcome domains of importance to patients were absent from the list presented.
Ethical considerations
This study received Ethical approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Cork Teaching Hospitals (ECM 3 (rrr) 01/06/2021). Those willing to participate were provided with the study information leaflet and a consent form, which they completed, signed and returned before any research procedures were initiated.
Research team and reflexivity
The research team consisted of two researchers (RNiR and HB), with experience in qualitative interviewing and data analysis. The lead researcher (RNiR) was responsible for the recruitment of participants whilst the conduct of the focus groups and data analysis were performed by both researchers. A debriefing meeting was held after each focus group to encourage reflexivity.11
Participants and sampling strategy
Participants older than 18 years with a diagnosis of biopsy proven OLP who attended the Oral Medicine unit of Cork University Dental School and Hospital were asked by the research team if they were willing to participate in the study. Participants needed to speak and understand the English language and be willing to participate in a group discussion to be considered for the study. There were no other inclusion or exclusion criteria. Table 1 displays the demographic characteristics of the participants.
Table 1Demographics of oral lichen planus patients focus groups.
The sampling strategy was directed to include participants who had OLP of varying severity, with some patients managed with topical therapy only and others using systemic medications to manage their symptoms. Time since diagnosis was also considered when recruiting participants to include those who were recently diagnosed and other longstanding patients of the host Oral Medicine Unit.
A total of 20 patients were contacted by telephone between March and April 2022. Two focus groups, face-to-face, with a total number of 10 participants were held. Each focus group lasted between 40-50 minutes. Data analysis was an iterative process, with the initial focus group recording was transcribed and analyzed prior to the second focus group being held. Recruitment ceased once data saturation was achieved. Data saturation was defined as the moment at which the data collected had sufficient breadth and depth that it was adequate to answer our research questions and no new themes were emerging from the data analysis.12 As data saturation was achieved after 2 focus groups, the remaining 10 patients recruited to the study were not required to participate.
Data collection and analysis
A topic guide was developed by the research team, with minor edits of the topic guide following feedback from participants in the initial focus group (Figure 1). The topic guide allowed a similar scope of areas to be covered in both focus groups. However, the facilitator ensured that conversations flowed between participants with minimal intervention.13 The focus group methodology allowed group interactions, ensuring participants had the opportunity to share lived experiences and collectively explore outcomes of OLP treatment that were of significance to the group.14 The focus group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.
The summary of the outcomes used in the literature to date was generated by the research group following a rigorous systematic review (cross-reference paper 1). A lay explanation of the list of outcomes was presented to the patients for discussion (Figure 2). Patients were provided with the opportunity to suggest additional outcomes not previously identified.
Figure 2Lay language presentation of the outcomes from the literature.
Different descriptions were provided for the symptoms experienced with OLP, including soreness, pain, rawness, funny feeling, burning, and piercing. Others spoke about the severity of these symptoms.
Focus Group 1 Patient 4 (FG1Pt4) ‘The pain, no, the rawness, in both cheeks was unbearable’
FG2Pt1 ‘I was very bad at the time. I couldn't even swallow water (because) my palate was so raw. It was that dramatic! It has made me cry.’
FG2Pt5 ‘when I get it on my tongue, it gets so bad that I get a sharp, piercing pain from my tongue out to my ear’
FG2Pt2 ‘I get the same. I get an ulcer on my tongue then I would get the sharp, shooting, piercing pain out to my ear. It is like a knife.’
FG2Pt3 ‘You know it feels like you burn your mouth. The slightest thing makes it feel like a piercing and that's it, you have it for a few days and can't really use your mouth.
FG2Pt1 ‘when I was very bad ... it would make me physically sick’
Many participants spoke about the impact of the clinical manifestations and the symptoms on their oral function. A limitation in the ability to speak, eat and drink was frequently discussed.
FG1Pt2 ‘I couldn't eat or talk. It was like having razor blades in my mouth.’
FG2Pt3 ‘you can't form the words sometimes. It is just too much of a physical effort.’
FG2Pt2 ‘If my tongue is really sore then it stops you from talking – you just don't want to talk.’
FG1Pt3 ‘I find if it flares up, talking is a problem. It happens on my tongue so getting the words out if practically impossible. You would rather not say anything. Better to keep your mouth shut.’
FG1Pt4 ‘Did you find you were much slower with eating? Everyone would be finished at the dinner table. They would be all saying, ‘you are still eating’. I would be like, ‘ya, I'm really slow’ – it was embarrassing’
An extensive list of foods and drinks that exacerbate symptoms was discussed.
FG1Pt4 ‘when I have a bad flare up even fruit drives it mad’
FG1Pt3 ‘Ya, same. I can eat bananas but can't even look at a grapefruit’
FG1Pt2 ‘You realise what food is really acidic. I had to avoid spicy (foods) too and chocolate.’
FG1Pt5 ‘I avoid food with crusts. They kill the lichen (planus). No toast, or brown bread or bread rolls.’
FG1Pt3 ‘And wine. Red wine – it gets very bad and brings it on straight away’
FG2Pt1 ‘I can't touch ice-cream. Anything that is too cold is terrible. Or too hot too. Temperature is a real problem... I would never drink anything cold out of a fridge. Coffee and tea are lukewarm’
FG2Pt5 ‘it really limits your intake of food’
Theme 2 – Social impact: disability, worry for the future and isolation
The risk of malignant change in OLP was foremost in the minds of many participants. Others referenced extraoral manifestations and a concern about how many other sites would become involved.
FG1Pt3 ‘When I got the diagnosis, I got a load of documentation and it all mentioned about the cancer risk…and it was looking into the future that you would worry’
FG1Pt2 ‘I was told about the risks attached to it, that was my worry. That's what frightened me … I was very sad at the start for a few years about it’
FG2Pt5 ‘I just worry about the cancer. It is in my head all the time’
FG2Pt4 ‘Ya, it is always on my mind. I try to but it to the back of my mind but it is always there’
FG1Pt5 ‘I was worried about the risks as well…I'm also worried ‘cos along with my mouth, I got it on my scalp and on my body. My mouth came first and then all the rest came together. When will it stop!’
The degree of discomfort from OLP contributed to patients isolating themselves and withdrawing from social events.
FG2Pt2 ‘When it's bad I'm having to set alarms to remember to use the medications. I can't go out. I have to be back by a certain time. If you are going to really treat it, you are going to have to stay at home for the few days.’
FG2Pt3 ‘When it's bad, I lock myself in the bathroom for hours at a time to hide away from people……. It just makes you want to run away from society’
FG2Pt1 ‘You just can't go out when it's bad. You just can't’
FG2Pt2 ‘it all gets too much for me. Much too much. Life is very difficult with it (OLP)’
FG2Pt4 ‘I just didn't want to go out to work. It is very tiring. It takes more effort and energy to function when it is bad’
FG2Pt5 ‘lockdown (COVID-19 restrictions) has made it easier because I didn't have to see people or meet people or talk to people. I didn't have to worry about going to a restaurant’
Theme 3 – Treatments and outcomes of care
Participants discussed the merits and risks of the various treatment options utilized in the management of OLP. They then proceeded to consider, based on their experience of the different treatments, the outcomes of care they thought important.
FG1Pt2 ‘I'm on the (corticosteroid) mouthwash and I use if every 6-8 weeks, it definitely helps. It could take 2 weeks for it to really work though. That's too long! It's not as sore as it used to be.
FG2Pt2 ‘the (corticosteroids) mouthwash is a problem for me. It works but it causes pain when I use it. It brings tears to my eyes. Then it helps after about 5 days’
FG1Pt5 ‘I used the mouthwash first and then the (corticosteroid) cream with cotton wool rolls. Nothing works for me. I'm on a tablet (hydroxychloroquine) now and it is great.’
FG1Pt4 ‘I'm on that (hydroxychloroquine) too and it is brilliant. I have no flare-ups’
FG2Pt2 ‘When I use the (corticosteroid) mouthwash I can feel it calming and healing’
FG2Pt3 ‘it gets less and less sore, when I use the (corticosteroid) mouthwash and when you wake up the soreness is just gone’
They went on then to consider, based on their experience of the different treatments, what outcomes of care they considered important.
FG2Pt1 ‘I just want it not to be sore anymore’
FG2Pt5 ‘All I want is to get rid of the soreness and get back to function’
FG1Pt5 ‘I never think of the side effects of what I take, I just need to take it to get some relief’
FG1Pt3 ‘When I use mouthwash or something else, I just want to feel at ease interacting with the people around me, after I use it’
Theme 4 – Knowledge and understanding of healthcare practitioners, family, and friends
Participants discussed their initial presentation and highlighted their frustrations with the limited knowledge of healthcare practitioners regarding OLP.
FG1Pt5 ‘I went to the GP and she didn't know anything about it. She just gave me, um like, drops that I could use for my mouth. When that didn't clear I phoned her after a number of days and she said no you'll be fine that'll settle down’
FG2Pt1 ‘in the pharmacy they gave me a mouthwash one day. My tongue just sizzled with it. It was awful. I thought I would end up in the hospital. I thought they'd know better’
FG1Pt2 ‘I went to the chemist thinking it was an ulcer or something and it never cleared. Then I ended up going to the GP who sent me to an ENT specialist, who did a biopsy, and who didn't know what it was either’
FG1Pt5 ‘The GP needs to be aware of it. My GP didn't know anything about it and I just got drops and told it would settle down’
There was frustration with the lack of understanding and awareness of family and friends.
FG2Pt5 ‘People just don't understand. They think you have a little mouth ulcer – get over it!’
FG2Pt1 ‘they just don't want to know after a while’
FG1Pt4 ‘Not a lot of people know about it so a bit of publicity is needed’
FG1Pt1 ‘You never hear about it. It would be great if there was something on the TV’
Reference was made to the impact of exacerbations of OLP on interactions with family and friends.
FG1Pt1 ‘It bothers the rest of the people in the house too. It upsets everyone else too when you have a flare-up’
FG1Pt3 ‘It would change your mood, well that's what I was told so by my wife! I have had it for 12 years as it started after my mother died. I thought I am more used to it now but my wife still tells me it affects my mood’
Session 2 – Review of outcome from the literature
Most participants agreed that all the outcomes generated in the literature were of some relevance with variable importance.
FG2Pt3 ‘Everything seems to be covered but only some are of importance’
FG2Pt5 ‘Ya, everything seems to be covered but I wouldn't want to be asked or checked for all of these things if I was doing a study (clinical trial). That's too much’
Due to the impact OLP has on personal and professional interactions, others thought that additional outcomes focused on these interpersonal interactions should be considered.
F1Pt3 ‘Effects on family and friends. That should be asked. They would have to avoid me when the flare up was bad’
F1Pt2 ‘I used to find work awkward. You take the mouthwash 3 times a day and you would have to sneak off somewhere. Hope the phone doesn't ring’
F1Pt5 ‘You literally have to hide away because you don't want to talk to anyone’
DISCUSSION
Use of a COS for future OLP research investigations will enable outcomes to be pooled across studies to allow meta-analyses of data and in turn translate to higher-quality evidence-based interventions. Involvement of patients in COS development is an essential aspect that ensures the lived experience of a condition is considered.17 In the first stage of developing a COS for OLP, a systematic review of interventional studies on OLP identified 422 outcome measures, which were grouped into 69 final outcomes (cross-reference paper 1). However, relying solely on identification of outcomes through literature searches may lead to overlooking outcomes that are important to patients. This study describes the second stage in the development of a COS for OLP, which was undertaken to identify outcomes that were considered important from the patient's perspective.
This stage of considering the patient's perspective is not unique to the OLP patient population and has been previously demonstrated in the medical literature. In a study evaluating treatment outcomes of importance to patients with depression and their clinicians, the authors found that reduction in symptoms was considered as most important by clinicians, while patients prioritized return to social function and interpersonal relationships as of greater importance.18 This disparity in patient and clinician opinions on what is considered important in the context of the treatment provided has also been highlighted in a qualitative study of patients with heart failure.19 From a medical context, readmission rates and mortality were considered important outcomes of care, whilst from the patient perspective reduction in symptoms, restoration of function, and health-related quality of life were deemed of greater value.19 Despite the significant impact of the OLP on the daily lives of patients,20,21 few studies have incorporated patient-reported outcomes (PROs) into their study design.
PROs constitute an essential part of measuring health outcomes and can be defined as "any information on the state of the patient's health condition reported directly by the patient without the interference or interpretation of the clinician and other health professionals”.22 With the help of the PROs, patients can describe their symptoms, their perception of well-being, and how their condition interferes with their daily activities23. This focus group study allowed us to explore the lived experience among patients with OLP, its interference with daily activities, and its mental and social impact. It facilitated discussion regarding treatment modalities used and what the patients considered as ‘success’ in the context of the management of OLP. In this study, a new outcome that was not previously identified in the systematic review, namely “knowledge and understanding of family and friends”, was included in the list of outcomes.
In a previous systematic review of patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) in oral mucosal lesions, including OLP, a significant heterogeneity in the PROMs used in research studies was identified. Pain assessment using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was the most widely used of the 33 PROMs reported in the OLP studies.24 In this qualitative study, the participants used multiple descriptive terms to convey their experiences, using analogies or metaphors, making their oral soreness more visual and visceral to the listener. The participants emphasized the impact of their condition on their families and social life. Our results agreed with those obtained from previous qualitative studies. The burden of OLP on the daily lives of patients has been explored using qualitative methods to a limited extent in the literature to date. These studies demonstrate that OLP is associated with both the physical impact of the disease, including oral discomfort and difficulty in eating, oral hygiene care, and speech, as well as negative psychological consequences of the disease due to its chronicity, unpredictable clinical behavior, and potential for malignant transformation.25-27 Of these studies, only one conducted a qualitative study using focus patient groups with patients limited to OLP and emphasized the symptomatology and triggers for exacerbations of symptoms.25 The authors included patients from Ireland and the USA and defined 7 items that represented trigger factors that contributed to the soreness of patients with OLP: brushed teeth, ate food, drank liquids, smiled, breathed through the mouth, talked, touched.25
The main limitation of this study is that patients were enrolled from only a single site in Cork, Ireland. There was also no diversity with regard to ethnicity. Since the patient's perception of the disease may vary depending on cultural and social factors, it would have been desirable to involve OLP patients from different backgrounds and geographical locations.
The outcomes/domains identified in these first two stages will be used in the third stage of COS development. During this stage, the combined list of outcome domains will be submitted to a consensus process via a face-to-face meeting with global experts (clinicians, researchers, and representatives of patient support groups) followed by an additional round of patient voting. This final stage will allow discussion and consensus on the outcomes that should be included in the final COS.
CONCLUSION
We gained valuable insight into the lived experience of patients with OLP via this qualitative study. This is the first study to explore the patient perspective on what should be measured in clinical trials of OLP, highlighting an important additional suggested outcome. This additional outcome will be voted upon in the consensus process to determine which outcome domains should be included in the COS.
STATEMENT OF CLINICAL RELEVANCE
As the second step in developing a core outcome set for oral lichen planus, this qualitative study identified the treatment-related outcomes important to patients suffering from this condition to be measured in future trials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The WWOM VIII Steering Committee provided the conceptual framework and logistical support to produce the WWOM VIII Conference in May 2022 in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. In addition, the Steering Committee provided scientific and editorial critiques of this manuscript. The Steering Committee is listed below, in alphabetical order: Arwa M. Farag (Saudi Arabia/USA), Timothy A. Hodgson (UK), Catherine Hong (Singapore), Siri Beier Jensen (Denmark), A. Ross Kerr (USA), Giovanni Lodi (Italy), Richeal Ni Riordain (Ireland), Thomas P. Sollecito (USA).
The WWOM VIII Steering Committee gratefully acknowledges the following organizations, companies, and individuals that provided financial support for WWOM VIII: American Academy of Oral Medicine, European Association of Oral Medicine, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., Colgate Palmolive, and patients of Dr. Ross Kerr.
REFERENCES
1
Li C, Tang X, Zheng X, et al. Global Prevalence and Incidence Estimates of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:172-181.
2
Carrozzo M, Porter S, Mercadante V, Fedele S. Oral lichen planus: A disease or a spectrum of tissue reactions? Types, causes, diagnostic algorhythms, prognosis, management strategies. Periodontol 2000. 2019;80:105-125.
3
Wiriyakijja P, Porter S, Fedele S, et al. Health-related quality of life and its associated predictors in patients with oral lichen planus: a cross-sectional study. Int Dent J. 2020.
4
Lodi G, Manfredi M, Mercadante V, Murphy R, Carrozzo M. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2:CD001168.
5
Sandhu S, Klein BA, Al-Hadlaq M, et al. Oral lichen planus: comparative efficacy and treatment costs-a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:161.
6
Williamson PR, Altman DG, Bagley H, et al. The COMET Handbook: version 1.0. Trials. 2017;18:280.
7
Keeley T, Williamson P, Callery P, et al. The use of qualitative methods to inform Delphi surveys in core outcome set development. Trials. 2016;17:230.
8
Kirwan JR, Minnock P, Adebajo A, et al. Patient perspective: fatigue as a recommended patient centered outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1174-1177.
9
Young B, Bagley H. Including patients in core outcome set development: issues to consider based on three workshops with around 100 international delegates. Res Involv Engagem. 2016;2:25.
10
O'Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89:1245-1251.
11
Dodgson JE. Reflexivity in Qualitative Research. J Hum Lact. 2019;35:220-222.
12
O'Reilly M, Parker N. ‘Unsatisfactory Saturation’: a critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research. Qual Res. 2013;13:190-197.
13
Braun V, Clarke V. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners: SAGE Publications; 2013.
14
Bryman A. Social Research Methods: Oxford University Press; 2016.
15
Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, Moules NJ. Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. Int J Qual Methods. 2017;16:1-13.
16
Locker D. Measuring oral health: a conceptual framework. Community Dent Health. 1988;5:3-18.
17
Lamont TJ, Clarkson JE. CORE OUTCOME SETS AND DENTAL PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2022;22:101659.
18
Kan K, Jörg F, Buskens E, Schoevers RA, Alma MA. Patients' and clinicians' perspectives on relevant treatment outcomes in depression: qualitative study. BJPsych Open. 2020;6:e44.
19
Kraai IH, Vermeulen KM, Hillege HL, Jaarsma T. “Not getting worse” a qualitative study of patients perceptions of treatment goals in patients with heart failure. Applied Nursing Research. 2018;39:41-45.
20
Karbach J, Al-Nawas B, Moergel M, Daubländer M. Oral health-related quality of life of patients with oral lichen planus, oral leukoplakia, or oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72:1517-1522.
21
López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F. Quality of life in patients with oral lichen planus. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16:111-113.
22
Patrick D. Reporting of patient-reported outcomes in randomized trials: the CONSORT PRO extension. Value Health. 2013;16:455-456.
23
Noonan VK, Lyddiatt A, Ware P, et al. Montreal Accord on Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) use series - Paper 3: patient-reported outcomes can facilitate shared decision-making and guide self-management. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;89:125-135.
24
Ní Ríordáin R, Shirlaw P, Alajbeg I, et al. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: Patient-reported outcome measures and oral mucosal disease: current status and future direction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120:152-160.e111.
Tadakamadla J, Kumar S, Lalloo R, Johnson NW. Qualitative analysis of the impact of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders on daily life activities. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0175531.
27
Ni Riordain R, Meaney S, McCreary C. Impact of chronic oral mucosal disease on daily life: preliminary observations from a qualitative study. Oral Dis. 2010.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Márcio Diniz-Freitas: Writing – original draft. Rosa María López-Pintor: Writing – original draft. Caroline Bissonnette: Writing – original draft. Hongxia Dan: Writing – review & editing. Shilpa Shree Kuduva Ramesh: Writing – review & editing. J Amadeo Valdéz: Writing – review & editing. Michael T Brennan: Writing – review & editing. Nancy W Burkhart: Writing – review & editing. Arwa Farag: Writing – review & editing. Martin S Greenberg: Writing – review & editing. Catherine Hong: Writing – review & editing. Jane F Setterfield: Writing – review & editing. Sook-Bin Woo: Writing – review & editing. Thomas P Sollecito: Writing – review & editing. Harriet Byrne: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Jairo Robledo-Sierra: Supervision, Writing – original draft. Jennifer Taylor: Supervision, Writing – original draft. Richeal Ni Riordain: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft.
Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
February 12,
2023
Received in revised form:
January 10,
2023
Received:
November 7,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-Proof
Footnotes
Disclosures
The authors declare no financial disclosure or conflicts of interest.
00069-X&id=gr1.jpg){kind=link}
00069-X&id=gr2a.jpg){kind=link}
00069-X&id=gr2b.jpg){kind=link}
00069-X&id=gr2c.jpg){kind=link}